Macro- and Micronutrient Cycling and Crucial Linkages to Geochemical Processes in Mangrove Ecosystems

High mangrove productivity is sustained by rapid utilization, high retention efficiency and maximum storage of nutrients in leaves, roots, soils. Rapid microbial transformations mineralization efficiencies tandem with physiological mechanisms conserve scarce nutrients. Macronutrient cycling interlinked micronutrient cycling; all nutrient cycles are linked closely to geochemical transformation processes. Mangroves can be N-, P-, Fe-, Cu-limited; additions Zn Mo stimulate early growth until levels above pristine porewater concentrations induce toxicity. Limited availability caused sorption onto iron oxides, clays, sulfide minerals. Little N exported as immobilization the largest process. Mn S affect metabolism photosynthesis via diagenesis P coupled Fe-S redox oscillations. Fe involved nitrification, denitrification anammox, NO3? reduction N2-fixation. Soil Mg, K, Mn, Ni pool sizes decrease primary increases, suggesting increasing uptake more turnover than less productive forests. may major contributors oceanic cycles, delivering 7.4–12.1 Gmol a?1 ocean, which greater global riverine input. The import rate mangroves corresponds 15–120% supply budget.